原文: Cleaner Production

What is "Cleaner Production"? 

The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) definition of "Cleaner Production", and the one in most common use is, "cleaner production means the continuous application of an integrated, preventative environmental strategy to processes, products and services to increase eco-efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment".

Cleaner Production focuses on minimising resource use and avoiding the creation of pollutants, rather than trying to manage pollutants after they have been created.  It involves rethinking products, processes and services to move towards sustainable development.

What are the Benefits of Cleaner Production? 

Cleaner Production can reduce operatingcosts, improve profitability, worker safety and reduce the environmental impact of your business.  Companies are frequently surprised at the cost reductions achievable through the adoption of Cleaner Production techniques.  Frequently, minimal or no capital expenditure is required to achieve worthwhile gains, with fast pay-back periods.  Waste handling and charges, raw material usage and insurance premiums can often be cut, along with potential risks. 

On a broader scale, Cleaner Production can help alleviate the serious and increasing problems of air and water pollution, ozone depletion, global warming, landscape degradation, solid and liquid wastes, resource depletion, acidification of the natural and built environment, visual pollution and reduced bio-diversity.

Understanding cleaner production

Cleaner production is about considering the entire life cycle of products, including:

• ·                     product design
• ·                     selection of raw materials
• ·                     production and assembly of the final product
• ·                     consumer use
• ·                     managing all used products at the end of their life

Conventional production

• ·                     Processes not designed for waste prevention
• ·                     No use of by-products
• ·                     Expensive end-of-pipe pollution technology
• ·                     Expensive waste treatment, transport and disposal

Cleaner production

• ·                     Processes designed for minimum waste
• ·                     Maximum use of by-products
• ·                     Savings through reduced pollution control technology, and reduced waste treatment, transport and disposal
• ·                     Minimum impact on the environment

Clean production

• ·                     Zero waste
• ·                     Total use of by-products
• ·                     Zero impact on the environment

Getting started

The following steps are a guide for managers who would like to move from conventional production to cleaner production.

• ·                     Develop and implement a comprehensive, corporate environment policy. This should be based on preventing pollution, minimising waste and reducing environmental risk generated by all corporate activities.
• ·                     Develop regular pollution prevention and waste reduction audit procedures.
• ·                     Develop a plan containing specific environmental goals and timetables for achieving them.
• ·                     Educate and involve employees at all levels. Employees should be involved in identifying and solving environmental problems at their source. Often employees on the shop floor can develop better solutions to waste problems than executives not involved in day-to-day production.
• ·                     Allocate responsibility for achieving goals to specific employees. Management should allocate sufficient employee time and financial support to ensure that work can be accomplished. The Cleaner Production Co-ordinator should be a senior management position.
• ·                     Gather the best management and technical information to help the business take advantage of waste reduction opportunities.
• ·                     Evaluate progress continually.
• ·                     Inform employees, shareholders and the public of the progress being made.
• ·                     Establish environmental award programs to foster and reward creative problem-solving.
• ·           Review and update goals and timetables regularly.

译文: 清洁生产

第一部分:

什么是清洁生产？

     联合国环境规划署（UNEP）给出的清洁生产定义是：在流程、产品和服务中持续应用综合、预防性的环境策略，以提高生态效率并降低人类和环境面临的风险。这是目前最常用的清洁生产定义。

     清洁生产强调最小化资源使用和避免污染物的生成，而不是在污染物产生之后再进行治理。清洁生产要求企业重新定位产品、流程和服务，最终实现可持续发展。

清洁生产的好处

     清洁生产能够降低操作成本，提高利润率和工人安全度，减少企业的环境影响。采用清洁生产策略后，很多企业的成本大大降低，这令他们大为惊讶。通常实施清洁生产只需要少量的资金投入，有的甚至不需要任何资金投入就能在短期内获得较大的增益。清洁生产能够降低废物处理费用、原材料用量和保险费用，同时降低潜在的风险。

     从广义上讲，清洁生产有助于缓解日益严重的环境问题，包括空气污染和水污染、臭氧损耗、全球变暖、景观退化、固体和液体垃圾、资源匮乏、自然环境和建成环境的酸化、视觉污染以及生物多样性减少等。

第二部分： 

了解清洁生产

    清洁生产要考虑到整个产品周期，包括：

·   产品设计
·   原材料的选择
·   成品的生产和组装
·   消费者使用
·   产品回收处理

传统生产

·    生产流程设计没有考虑废物防治
·   副产品没有得到利用
·   昂贵的末端污染技术
·   昂贵的废物处理、运输和处置

清洁生产

·   生产流程设计致力于产生最少的废物
·   副产品实现最大利用
·   污染控制技术、废物处理、运输和处置的应用减少，从而降低成本
·   最小的环境影响

清洁生产

·   零废物
·   副产品得到完全利用
·   零环境影响

启动

    如果你是企业的管理人员，并且希望企业从传统生产转向清洁生产，请参考以下步骤：

·   制定并实施综合的企业环境政策。该政策应以防治污染、最小化废物和减少企业活动带来的环境风险为基础。
·   制定阶段性的防污减排审计程序。
·   制定具体的环境目标以及实施时间表。
·   开展员工培训，鼓励全体员工参与。员工应该学会从根源识别并解决环境问题。与没有参与日常生产的管理人员相比，车间的一线员工通常能够就废物问题提出更好的解决办法。
·   指定具体的员工负责达成具体的环境目标。为了使工作圆满完成，管理人员应当给予员工充分的时间和财政支持。清洁生产协调员应由高级管理人员担任。
·   搜集最有用的管理和技术信息，帮助企业利用各种减废资源。
·   不断对项目成果进行评估。
·   向员工、股东和公众告知项目取得的成果。
·   为了激励员工提出有创造性的解决方案，建立环境奖励计划。

      定期审查并更新目标和时间表。