以下是英国《新科学家》周刊列出的十大怪异实验。
一、大象吃迷幻药。1962年,美国研究人员给一头大象注射了迷
幻药,其剂量是人类通常使用剂量的3000倍。结果这头大象先是高声吼叫,然后倒在地上打滚,不到一个小时就死了。
二、空中死亡恐怖。在上世纪60年代的一次实验中,飞行员告诉10名正在参加飞行训练的士兵,飞机失控,马上要坠入大海,他们必须在飞机坠毁之前填写保险单。从匆忙填写的保险单中可以得出结论:士兵在面临死亡恐惧时确实比平时犯错更多。
三、挠痒痒学笑。美国俄亥俄州安蒂奥克学院心理学教授克拉伦斯·莱乌巴在上世纪30年代提出了这样的假说:人在被挠痒痒时才学会笑。他拿家人做起了实验——规定家人在他在场时,被挠痒痒时不准笑。但数月之后,莱乌巴的妻子被发现在逗孩子发笑。
四、无头鼠和花脸。美国明尼苏达大学的卡尼·兰迪在1924年开始研究表现厌恶感的面部表情。他用木炭给志愿者的面部画上线,然后让他们闻氨水、听爵士乐、看色情图片,还让他们把手放在装满青蛙的桶中。然后他让每个志愿者砍掉一只小白鼠的头。所有志愿者最初都不愿做,但最终大部分人还是照做了。他们表情的照片看起来非常奇怪。
五、让人起死回生。上世纪30年代,美国加利福尼亚大学的科学家罗伯特·科尼什将尸体放在跷跷板上让血液循环,同时给尸体注射肾上腺素和抗凝血剂。等待被执行死刑的囚犯托马斯·麦克莫尼格尔表示愿意充当科尼什的实验品,但加州拒绝批准这项实验,因为担心如果麦克莫尼格尔复活将不得不将他释放。
六、睡眠中学习。美国威廉-玛丽学院的劳伦斯·莱尚在1942年试图通过影响潜意识让一些男孩停止咬指甲。当男孩们睡着时,他用录音机播放“我的指甲味道坏极了”的录音。在录音机坏了之后,他自己在孩子们的宿舍中不断重复这句话。实验看起来奏效了:到夏天结束,40%参与实验的孩子不再咬指甲。但有人给出了另外的解释:“那些男孩们可能想,如果我不咬指甲,这个怪男人就会走开了。”
七、测试火鸡性欲。美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学的马丁·沙因和埃德加·黑尔在上世纪60年代研究发现,火鸡在交配上并不挑剔。当把雄火鸡放到一个有逼真的雌火鸡模型的房间里后,雄火鸡会迫切地与这只假火鸡交配。实验者逐步把雌火鸡模型上的部位一块块取走,想看看最后雄火鸡是否会兴趣全无。最终,模型只剩下一根木棍支撑着头,雄火鸡还是很热情。
八、双头狗。苏联外科医生弗拉基米尔·迪米霍夫在1954年制造了一只双头狗,那只狗的一个头被“嫁接”在脖子上,能舔牛奶。尽管实验中的那只双头狗很快因器官排异死掉,但这没能阻止迪米霍夫的脚步。他在后来的15年中又制造了19只这种双头怪物。
九、喝呕吐物的医生。美国医生斯塔宾斯·弗斯在19世纪提出假设:黄热病并非传染病,并在自己身上做实验。他先是将感染黄热病病人的呕吐物倒在开放的伤口上,后来还喝那些呕吐物。他确实没生病,但这并不是因为黄热病不传染,而是因为黄热病病毒要直接注入血液中才能传染,通常通过蚊子叮咬传播。
十、睁着眼睛睡觉。1960年,英国爱丁堡大学研究睡眠问题的专家伊恩·奥斯瓦尔德让3名志愿者躺在沙发上,用胶布固定使他们的眼睛睁开,然后在他们面前用强光照射。与此同时,志愿者的腿上还被绑上电极,对他们进行电击。虽然研究人员设置了阻止人入睡的种种障碍,但脑电图显示,3名志愿者不到12分钟就睡着了。
译文:
"Sleeping with Eyes Wide Open" Ascend to the List of Top Ten Bizarre Experiments
The following are the top ten bizarre experiments issued by the British "New Scientist " Weekly:
1.Elephants on LSD
In 1962,American researchers inject an elephant with LSD, which is about 3,000 times the typical human dose. As a result, the elephant first screamed loudly, then wallowed on the road, and was dead less than an hour later.
2.Terror in the Skies
In an experiment of the 1960s , ten soldiers on a training flight were told by the pilot that the aircraft was disabled, and about to ditch in the ocean. They were required to fill in insurance forms before the crash. From the insurance forms which were written in a hurry, we can conclude that fear of imminent death indeed causes soldiers to make more mistakes than usual.
3.Tickling for learning to laugh
In the 1930s, Clarence Yeuba, a Professor of Psychology at Antioch College in Ohio of America, put forward the hypothesis that people learn to laugh when tickled. He tested it on his family——stipulating the family was forbidden to laugh when tickled in his prensence. Leuba’s wife, however, was caught some months later dandling child to laugh.
4.Headless rats and painted faces
In 1924, Carney Landis, of the University of Minnesota, set out to investigate facial expressions of disgust. He drew lines on volunteers’ faces with charcoal, before asking them to smell ammonia, listen to jazz, look at pornography or place their hands in a bucket of frogs. He then asked each volunteer to decapitate a white rat. All volunteers were reluctant to do first, but most people bowed to authority in the end.
5.Raising the dead
In the 1930s, Robert Cornish, a scientist of the University of California, placed corpses on a see-saw to circulate the blood, while injecting adrenalin and anticoagulants. He waited a condemned prisoner, Thomas McMonigle, to become a human guinea pig. The state of California, however, refused the permission of this experiment, for fear that it would have to release McMonigle if he resurrected.
6.Slumber learning
In 1942, Lawrence LeShan, of the American College of William and Mary attempted subliminally to influence boys into stopping biting their fingernails. While they were asleep, he played them a record of a voice saying: “My fingernails taste terribly bitter.” When the record player broke down, he repeated the phrase himself. It seemed to work: by the end of the summer, 40 percent of the boys had stopped biting their nails. someone, however, has another explanation: "'If I stop biting my nails,’ they probably thought, ‘the strange man will go away.’”
7. Turkey turn-ons
In the 1960s, Martin Schein and Edgar Hale, of American Pennsylvania State University, discovered that the male birds are not choosy. Taking a model of a female turkey, they progressively removed body parts until the males lost interest. Finally even all that remained was a head , the male turkeys remained turned on.
8.Two-headed dogs
Vladimir Demikhov, a surgeon of the Soviet Union, created a two-headed dog in 1954. The head of a puppy had been grafted onto the neck of an adult dog. The second head would lap at milk. Despite both animals soon died because of tissue rejection, but that did not stop Demikhov from creating 19 two-headed dogs.
9.The vomit-drinking doctor
During the 1800s,an Amerian doctor,Stubbins Ffirth , formed the hypothesis that yellow fever was not an infectious disease. He first poured infected vomit into open wounds, then drank the vomit. He did not fall ill, but not because yellow fever is not infectious. Because infection occured when yellow fever viruses injected directly into the bloodstream, typically through the bite of a mosquito.
10. Sleeping with eyes wide open
In 1960, Ian Oswald, an expert on sleep issues of an English University of Edinburgh, taped open volunteers’ eyes, while placing a bank of flashing lights in front of them, and attached electrodes to their legs that administered electric shocks. But the electroencephalogram showed three subjects were able to fall asleep within 12 minutes.