Land mines are controversial because they remain dangerous after the conflict in which they were deployed, killing and injuring civilians and rendering land impassable and unusable for decades. The International Campaign to Ban Landmines has sought to prohibit their use, culminating in the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, known informally as the Ottawa Treaty. The UN estimates that with current technology, it will take nearly 1,100 years to clear all the mines in the world.
Landmine Count: 1 million
The mine problem in Somalia is a result of various internal and regional conflicts over an almost 40-year period, with the first reported occurrence of mine-laying in 1964. Central and southern Somalia are heavily contaminated with mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO). The UN claims that the socioeconomic impact of landmines can be seen in almost every aspect of Somali society: reduced land available for livestock and agricultural production, increased transportation costs, poor performance of rehabilitation and development efforts, loss of life, disabilities, a general lack of security of communities, and obstacles to repatriation and reintegration. Casualties continue to be reported from mines and UXO. The UN also believes, however, that the mine and UXO threat in Somalia is “a finite problem” and one that “given sustained attention,” can be solved in a seven- to ten-year period with adequate resources. Somalia cannot accede to the Mine Ban Treaty because it has been without a central government since the 1991 fall of the government of Siyad Barre.
Landmine Count: 3 million
After almost thirty years of war, Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in Africa. Grain must be imported and the economy depends heavily on foreign aid. Mozambique is faced with desertification, pollution of surface and coastal waters, and severe drought and floods in the central and southern provinces. In addition, much of its farmable land is unusable because of landmines. “Perhaps the most devastating use of land mines was the random dissection of mines in fields and along access paths to stop peasants from producing food,” notes Human Rights Watch Africa in a report entitled “Land Mines and Economic Life”. Mines manufactured in 15 different countries were used by all sides in the fighting, accelerating a devastating famine cycle in the 1980s that sent a huge refugee exodus across the borders with South Africa, Zambia, Tanzania and Malawi. According to Handicap International, an estimated 20 people step on landmines every month in Mozambique. Sixty percent of them die because they lack access to health services. In 1996, Mozambique’s Defense Minister estimated that there were still about 3 million landmines in Mozambique. The devastation caused by mines in Mozambique is striking. In addition to farmable land, power lines, roads, bridges, railroads, and airports, even schools, factories and cattle dip tanks were mined. Wildlife is also threatened by mines: elephants have been found maimed by anti-personnel mines and killed by anti-tank mines. The average life expectancy in Mozambique is about 46 years.
Landmine Count: 3 million
Bosnia-Herzegovina is heavily contaminated with landmines and explosive remnants of war, primarily as a result of the 1992-1995 conflict related to the break-up of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The mine contamination is generally low density. Mines were used extensively along confrontation lines, which moved frequently. Most minefields are in the zone of separation between the two entities; this is 1,100 kilometers long and up to four kilometers wide. In southern and central Bosnia-Herzegovina, mines were often used randomly, with little record keeping. Some of the affected territory is mountainous or heavily forested, but the fertile agricultural belt in Brčko District is one of the most heavily contaminated areas. Every month landmines kill or injure 30-35 people, 80% of them civilians. The presence of these deadly weapons is hindering reconstruction, severely reducing food production and diverting resources needed to rebuild society. So far, only a small percentage of mine-contaminated land has been cleared according to humanitarian standards. Most minefields remain unmarked.
Landmine Count: 5 million
Kuwait’s history has been filled with stress due to the vast amount of oil found throughout the country. During the Gulf War, Iraq occupied Kuwait from August 1990 until February 1991. The Iraqi troops planted millions of AP and AT mines in the “Kuwait Theater of Military Operations.” Approximately 97.8 percent of Kuwait’s land became mined or UXO affected. Heavily mined areas were the northern cost of Kuwait Bay and the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia border. Immediately after Kuwait’s liberation, the government planned for an integrated mine action program. The duration was 24 months and cost $128 million (U.S.). According to the Landmine Monitor Report, as of April 3, 1999, almost 2 million landmines had been recovered from coastal and desert areas of Kuwait. A mine awareness program was also established to inform civilians about the dangers of landmines.
Landmine Count: 8-10 million
Three decades of war in Cambodia have left scars in many forms throughout the country. Unfortunately, one of the most lasting legacies of the conflicts continues to claim new victims daily. Land mines, laid by the Khmer Rouge, the Heng Samrin and Hun Sen regimes, the Vietnamese, the KPNLF, and the Sihanoukists litter the countryside. In most cases, even the soldiers who planted the mines did not record where they were placed. Now, Cambodia has the one of the highest rates of physical disability of any country in the world. While census data for Cambodia is sketchy, it is generally accepted that more than 40,000 Cambodians have suffered amputations as a result of mine injuries since 1979. That represents an average of nearly forty victims a week for a period of twenty years. While it is believed that no military groups are still deploying mines, the devices are still being used in new and horrible ways: Civilians have used mines to protect property and settle disputes; poachers are reportedly using mines to hunt tigers, which are prized for use in medicines in neighboring Vietnam; and in once incident in 1998, police surrounded a forest with mines in order to capture a murder suspect who had hidden there. He emerged from the forest and stepped on a mine, and was then shot to death by police. At the current rate of progress, it may take as many as 100 years to clear all the mines in Cambodia.
Landmine Count: 10 million
Iraq is severely affected by mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) as a result of the 1991 Gulf War, the 1980-1988 Iraq-Iran War, two decades of internal conflict, and even World War Two. Landmines and UXO pose a problem in the north, along the Iran-Iraq border, and throughout the central and southern regions of the country. The number of mines planted in Iraq is not known, but it is estimated by the United Nations to be at least 10 million. A recently completed Landmine Impact Survey confirmed that all twenty-five districts in the three provinces (governorates) comprising northern Iraq are mine-affected, and 3,444 distinct areas suspected of mine and/or UXO contamination affect over 148,000 families (more than one in five) living in 1,096 mine-affected communities.
Landmine Count: 10 million
Afghanistan has suffered greatly from war since 1978, and all sides to the various armed conflicts have used antipersonnel mines, particularly Soviet forces and the Afghan government from 1979 to 1992. Landmines have been planted indiscriminately over most of the country. Agricultural farms, grazing areas, irrigation canals, residential areas, roads and footpaths, both in urban and rural areas, are contaminated. Mines are a major obstacle to repatriation, relief, rehabilitation and development activities. Landmines kill or maim an estimated ten to twelve people each day in Afghanistan. It is believed that almost 50 percent of landmine victims die due to lack of medical facilities.
Landmine Count: 10 to 20 million
Estimates of the number of Angolan landmines range between 10 and 20 million, which equates to at least 1 to 2 land mines for every person in the country. U.N. estimates put the number of Angolan amputees resulting from the silent killers at 70,000. For three decades mines were scattered in Angola’s fields, villages, roads, and other unexpected places to intimidate, maim and kill innocent victims. Land mines have a devastating effect upon the environment by restricting the movement of people, deterring farming, disrupting economies, and killing and mutilating many innocent men, women, and children. In 1993 a UN General Resolution moratorium on the sale and export of antipersonnel land mines was passed. However, international consensus has yet to be achieved and Angola’s problem continues unabated.
Landmine Count: 16 million
Landmine and unexploded ordnance (UXO) contamination in west and southwest Iran, particularly the provinces of Kurdistan, Western Azerbaijan, Khuzestan, and Kermanshah, results from the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq conflict. Government officials claim that Iraq planted some 16 million landmines in Iran during the 1980s, contaminating an area of over 42,000 square kilometers. Landmines and UXO are reported to have severely limited agricultural production in the five provinces along the Iraqi border. They also compromise exploitation of oil fields. Mine and UXO contamination has affected historical sites and hindered archeological studies in southwest Iran.
Landmine Count: 23 million
World War II and the Egypt-Israel wars of 1956, 1967, and 1973 have left Egypt a mine-affected country. Egypt often cites a figure of 23 million landmines buried in the country. Egypt’s problem stems from the fact that its land mines are old and hard to locate and were designed for use against tanks, whereas international criticism is generally focused on anti-personnel mines. According to the ministry of defense, mines have hampered human and economic development and have killed and injured thousands of civilians. Seven million mines have been cleared from the western desert in the past 15 years and three million from the Sinai desert. The nomadic people refer to waste tracts of desert minefields as “The Devil’s Garden.”
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地雷最多的10个国家【Top List】
地雷是具有争议性的东西，由于这些在战争中部署下的地雷在战后仍然存在危险，它们会炸死炸伤百姓，数十年土地无法通行和使用。国际反雷组织已禁止其使用，在1997年禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤性地雷和销毁此种地雷的大会使其达到高潮，被称为非正式《渥太华条约》。联合国估计一目前的科学技术，清除世界上所有的地雷需要花费1100年的时间。
10
索马里
地雷总数：100万
索马里的地雷问题是过去近40年间若干内政和局部斗争的结果，第一次报告出现布雷的情况是在1964年。索马里中南部受到地雷和未爆炸武器（UXO）的严重污染。联合国声称地雷的社会经济影响被认为出现在索马里社会的每一层面：家畜饲养和农业生产可用地减少；运输成本增加；生态恢复情况和开发效果差；生命丧失；残疾；安全机构的普遍不足；归国和结构重组受阻。地雷和UXO造成人员伤亡的报告不断。不管怎样，联合国也认为地雷和UXO对索马里的威胁是“一个有限问题”并且要“给予持续关注”，这一问题在资源充分的条件下将会在7-10年的时间内解决。由于索马里自从1991年西亚德·巴勒尔政府倒台后没有一个中央政府，所以无法加入《禁止人员杀伤地雷条约》。
9
莫桑比克
地雷总数：300万
将近30年的战争之后，莫桑比克成了非洲最贫困的国家之一。谷物必须进口而且经济大部分靠外国援助。莫桑比克面临着沙漠化、水面和近海水域的污染、中部和南部省份严重的旱涝灾害。此外，由于地雷，许多可耕地无法耕种。在非洲人权观察组织一份名为《地雷和经济生活》的报告中记录着：“或许最具破坏性地使用地雷是随意在土地上扔地雷并且沿着这个途径来阻止农民生产粮食。”地雷在15个不同的国家生产制造并被用于战斗中的所有方面，加速了20世界80年代毁灭性饥荒的周期，饥荒使大量的难民穿过南非、赞比亚坦桑尼亚和马拉维的边界逃离出去。根据国际助残组织估计，在莫桑比克估计每个月有20人踩到地雷。因为缺少保健服务，他们中的60%会死亡。在1996年，莫桑比克的国防部长估计在莫桑比克还有300万颗地雷。在莫桑比克地雷引起的破坏是显著的。除可耕地、输电线、公路、桥梁、铁路和机场之外，甚至学校、工厂和牛槽被炸毁。野生动物也受到地雷的威胁：已经有发现大象被杀伤性地雷炸伤还有被反坦克地雷炸死。莫桑比克的平均寿命为46岁。
8
波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那
地雷总数：300万
波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那是一个受地雷和战争遗留爆炸物严重污染的国家，主要是1992-1995年由南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国瓦解引起战争的结果。地雷污染一般是低密集的。地雷广泛应用于战争前线，前线搬动频繁。许多地雷区是在两个战争前线的隔离区之间；这里长1100公里且宽度多达4公里。在波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那中部和南部地区，地雷经常被随意使用而且几乎不做记录。一些受到影响的地带是山脉或是茂密的森林，但是在布尔奇科特区高产农业带是污染最严重的地区之一。每个月有30-35人被炸死或炸伤，80%是当地的百姓。这些致命武器的出现阻碍了基础设施改造，严重减少粮食产量和社会重建所需的资源。到目前为止，只有很小部分比例的地雷污染地已经根据人道主义标准进行清理。还有许多地雷区仍然没被注意到。
7
科威特
地雷总数：500万
由于在科威特境内发现大量的石油，该国的历史已经充满重要性。在海湾战争时期，伊拉克占领科威特从1990年8月一直到1991年的2月。伊拉克部队在“科威特的军事战区”布下了数百万的装甲弹和高级技术的地雷。大约有97.8%的科威特土地受到地雷和UXO的影响。地雷影响严重的区域是北部重要的科威特海湾和科威特与沙特阿拉伯半岛的边界地带。科威特解放后，政府很快就安排综合扫雷行动。该行动持续了24个月，花费了1.28亿美金。据地雷观察报告显示，到1999年4月3日为止，将近200万颗地雷在科威特沿海岸和沙漠地区被找到。地雷意识计划单位也已经建立起来，用来告知百姓地雷的危险性。
6
柬埔寨
地雷总数：800万--1000万
柬埔寨30年的战争使全国上下留下各种伤疤。不幸地是，战争最持久的遗留物之一，每天继续夺走新受害者的生命。这些地雷是红色高棉、韩桑林和洪森政权、越南人，KPNLF 党派以及西哈努克人布下的。在大多数情况下，即使是士兵也没有记录在哪里布下地雷。如今，柬埔寨是所有国家中身体残疾比例最高的国家之一。虽然柬埔寨的户口普查是不完全的，但是普遍接受自1979年以来超过40000柬埔寨居民因被地雷炸伤而遭受截肢。这表明在20年间平均每周接近有40个受害者。尽管人们相信没有军队仍然在部署地雷，但是这种设备仍然以新的和可怕的方式被人们利用：百姓使用地雷来保护财产和解决争端；据说猎人用地雷猎取老虎，这东西在邻国越南医学上的使用备受亲睐；曾在1998年发生的一件事，警察用地雷包围一个森林为了抓获躲藏在那里的一个谋杀犯罪嫌疑人。他从森林里出来踩到了一颗地雷，而后被警察开枪射死。以目前的进展速度，可能需要100年的时间去清理掉柬埔寨境内的所有地雷。
5
伊拉克
地雷总数：1000万
由于1991年海湾战争、1980-1988伊拉克-伊朗战争、20年国内战争、甚至是第二次世界大战的原因，使伊拉克受到地雷和未爆炸武器(UXO)的严重影响。伊拉克北部，沿着伊朗--伊拉克边界，穿过中部和南部地区，这些地区地雷和UXO是一个问题。伊拉克地雷的数量有多少不知道，但联合国估计至少有1000万颗。最近完成的《地雷影响调查》证实包括伊拉克北部3个省（省）的25地区受到地雷影响，而且有344个地区被怀疑受到地雷和/或UXO污染影响，超过148000个家庭（超过1/5）生活在1096个受地雷影响的社区。
4
阿富汗
地雷总数：1000万
阿富汗自1978年战争以来遭受极大的困难，各种的武装斗争都用到杀伤性的地雷，特别是1979年到1992年苏维埃武装斗争和阿富汗政府的统治。地雷已经不加区别地遍布全国大部分地区。农耕地、牧场、灌溉运河，居民区、公路和人行道、城市和郊区都受到污染。地雷是归国、救济、基础设施建设和开发的一大障碍。在阿富汗估计每天10到12人被炸死或炸伤。人们认为由于缺少医疗设施50%的受害者死亡。
3
安哥拉
地雷总数：1000-2000万
估计安哥拉的地雷数量在1000万和2000万颗之间，这相当于该国至少每人1到2颗地雷。联合国估计由于这无声的杀手导致了安哥拉截肢人数达到70000人。在30年间地雷遍布安哥拉的田间、村庄、道路和其他意想不到的地方威胁、炸伤和炸死无辜的受害者。地雷对环境有破坏性的影响，主要通过限制人口的迁移、阻碍农业、扰乱经济,炸伤和炸残许多无辜男人、妇女和小孩。在1993年联合国秘书长决关于暂停销售和出口杀伤性地雷的决议获得通过。然而，国际共识尚未达成而且安哥拉的问题有增无减。
2
伊朗
地雷总数：1600万
地雷和未爆炸武器（UXO）的污染在伊朗西部和西南部，特别是库尔德斯坦各省、西部的阿塞拜疆、库吉斯坦和科尔曼沙阿，由于1980-1988伊朗--伊拉克战争的结果。政府官员声称在20世界80年代伊拉克在伊朗布下1600万颗地雷，污染面积超过42000平方公里。据报道，地雷和UXO严重减少了伊拉克边界5个省的农业产量。它们也影响到石油的开采。地雷和UXO污染源影响了历史古迹并且阻碍了伊朗西南部的考古研究工作。
1
埃及
地雷总数：2300万
第二次世界大战和1956年、1967年以及1976的埃及与以色列的战争使埃及成为了一个受地雷影响的国家。埃及经常引用2300万这个数字来说明埋在这个国家的地雷数量。埃及的问题来至于地雷的年代比较久远、地雷的存在位置以及这些地雷是为类抗击坦克而设计的这些实际情况，但是国际评论通常把焦点放在杀伤性地雷上。据国防部称地雷已经阻碍了人类和经济发展并且炸死炸伤数千百姓。在过去的15年间700万颗地雷已经从西部的沙漠地区清除并且有300万颗是西奈沙漠的。游牧人民把沙漠雷区这一废弃的地方叫做“魔鬼花园”。
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