7 Efficient Methods of Adjusting Mentality

读者: 698    发布时间: 2008

原文: 调适心理的7种有效方法

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  人要参与社会,就必须受到一定的社会规范的制约和限制,这就要求个体要根据社会信息及时调整自己,有效化解心理矛盾冲突,尽可能减少问题的发生率,使之适应于社会的要求。

人们从接收一定的外界信息到作出相应反应,这中间有一个大脑根据以往的认知,对信息进行加工并产生相应的心理体验的过程,这个过程也是个体心理发展变化的过程。这个过程的完成有三个要素:一是外部信息的刺激;二是已有的心理认知的参与;三是个体的自我整合作用。

值得注意的是,人们根据一定的外部信息所作的适应性反应并不总是的:个体的心理体验与原有的心理认知不一致,就会导致心理冲突。这种冲突,既是促进 个体心理发展、成熟的动力,也可能导致其心理应激(如彷徨、自责、压抑、痛苦、愤懑等)以及相应的肌体反应(如内分泌失调、失眠等),引发问题甚至身 心疾病。

个体通过对外部信息接收角度和强度的转换,或对原有心理认知在重组、迁移、升华的基础上予以整合,使外部刺激与心理认知互为进退地实现协调一致,以避免心理矛盾冲突激化所造成的心理困境,这就是调适的重要方法——合理变通。

合理变通的主要方式可以概括为以下几种

1、回避——转移注意力,尽可能躲开导致心理困境的外部刺激。在心理困境中,人的大脑里往往形成一个较强的兴奋灶。回避了相关的外部刺激,可以使这个兴奋灶让位给其他刺激引起的新的兴奋灶。兴奋中心转移了,也就摆脱了困境。

   2、变通——变恶性刺激为良性刺激,酸葡萄与甜柠檬效应。心理学上又叫合理化。就是通过找一些理由为自己开脱,以减轻痛苦,缓解紧张,使内心获得平衡的 办法。弗洛伊德指出,常见的合理化有两种:一是希望达到的目的没有达到,心理便否定该目的的价值或意义,俗称酸葡萄效应。二是未达到预定的期望或目标,便 提高目前现状的价值或意义,俗称甜柠檬效应,如狐狸吃不到葡萄,就说葡萄是酸的,只能得到柠檬,就说柠檬是甜的,于是便不感到苦恼。调适可借用某种 “合理化”的理由来解释事实,变恶性刺激为良性刺激。

3、转视——换个角度看问题,横看成岭侧成峰。因为并不是任何来自客观现实 的外部刺激都可以回避或淡化的。但是,任何事物都有积极和消极的方面。同一客观现实或情境,如果从一个角度来看,可能引起消极的情绪体验,使人陷入心理困 境;如果从另一个角度来看,就可以发现它的积极意义,从而使消极情绪体验转化为积极情绪体验,走出困境。

4、换脑——换一种认知解释事物,更新观念,重新解释外部环境信息,也就是相当于换一个脑袋思考、解释问题。在个体出现心理矛盾和冲突的时候,可以通过换脑法,减少或消除心理认知与体验的矛盾冲突。

5、升华——让积极的认知固着,把挫折变成财富。

人的心理问题长期不能解决,往往与他们的消极心理固着有关。如何克服心理固着,有效的方法是进行心理位移,即选择一种新的、高层次的、积极的、利于他人 和社会的心理认知固着代替旧有的心理认知固着,从而改变消极的心理状态,这就是升华法。“失败乃成功之母”、“化悲痛为力量”就是从失败的消极因素 中,认识其中蕴涵着的积极因素,使之成为个体奋起图强,取得的动力和契机。

6、补偿——改弦易辙不变初衷,失之东隅收之桑 榆。人们难免会由于一些内在的缺陷或外在的障碍以及其它种种因素的影响,导致最佳目标动机受挫。这时,往往会采取种种方法来进行弥补,以减轻、消除心理上 的困扰。这在心理学上称为补偿作用。补偿,就是在目标实现受挫时,通过更替原来的行动目标,求得长远价值目标实现的一种调适方式。

7、求实——切合实际调整目标。当实现目标过程中受挫时,就会产生紧张或痛苦,避免或缓解这种状况的一个有效措施,就是及时切合实际调整自我,并变换实现目标的途径和方法。

人生路上,如果所面对的无法改变,那就先改变自己,只有这样,才能最终改变属于自己的世界。

译文: 7 Efficient Methods of Adjusting Mentality


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People participating in social life must be restricted and confined by definite social criterion.  This requires individuals to adjust themselves in time according to social information, effective dispel mental conflict, try best to reduce the occuring rate of mental problem, so that they can adapt to social requirements.
 
From people receiving a certain exterior information to responsing corresponding feedback, it has a course that according to ago cognition,brain processes the informaion and produces relevant mental experience.  It is also the course of individual mental development variety.  The complete of this course has three factors:First,the stimulation of exterior environment; second, the participation of already exsiting mind cognition; third, the self-conformity function of individual psychology.
 
Noticeably,people are not always successful making response to adaptability according to exterior information.The disagreement of individual mental experience and intrinsic mental cognition will lead to mental conflict.This conflict is not only the power of promoting individual mental development,but also lead to their mental stimulation(Such as oscillation,self-abuse,overbear,pain,resent and so on) and corresponding organism feedback(such as incretion maladjustment, insomnia and so on), also it will cause mental problem and even the disease of body and mind.
 
Individuals combine exterior stimulation with mental cognition harmoniously, through the transfer of angle and extend accepting the exterior infomation, or conform the intrinsic mental cognition based on the reorganization, migration and sublimation, in order to avoid the psychological troubles caused by stimulation of mental conflict.  This is an important method of adjusting mentality--reasonable accommodation.
 
Several main method of reasonable accommodation:
 
1、Avoidance--Divert the attention, and try to avoid the exterior stimulation which may cause psychological troubles.  There usually exsits a strong foci of excitation in our mind while facing the psychological troubles.  Avoiding relative exterior stimulation will let the new foci of excitation take the place of the former one; the transfer of the excitement let individuals get rid of psychological troubles.
 
2、Accommodation--From vicious stimulation to virtuous stimulation, and the effect of sour grape and sweet lemon, which is called rationalization psychologically.  That is to say, through finding selves some excuses, relieving the pain and nerve, to gain the inner balance.  Freud said, there are two general rationalization: one is failure to ahieve what one wants, then deny the value or the meaning of this goal, which is called the sour grape effect; the other is failure to reach the expected goal or aim, then elevate the value or the meaning of the current situation, which is called the sweet lemon effect.  For instance, the fox says the grape is sour for it cannot get it; and says the lemon is sweet for that is only what it gets.  Psychological accommodation, explaining the truth with rationalization excuses, can turn vicious stimulation into virtuous stimulation.
 
3、Observing from another angle--Observing from another angle will get a totally different view of the same thing.  Not all the exterior stimulation coming from the objective truth can be avoided or minimized, but everything has two sides--positive and negative ones.  Observing from one angle, one objective reality or emotion can cause the negative feeling, then plunging into the psychological troubles; but if obseving from another angle, then you will find the positive meaning of the same situation, and turning from the negative feelings to positive feeling to get out of the troubles.
 
4、Changing the cognition--Explaining the object with another congition, and updating the concept to explain the exterior infomation, that is like to think, explain the object with anothe new brain.  When individuals face the mantal conflicts, changing the cognition will relieve or remove the conflicts between mental cognition and mental feelings.
 
5、Sublimation--Fix the positive cognition to turn the setback into fortune.
Because of their fixation of negative thought, the psychological problems have not been solved for a long time.  The efficient method to overcome the fixation is psychological displacement, that is to choose a new, high-level, positive, altruistic fixation instead of the former one to take the place of the negative condition, which is called psychological sublimation.  Gaining the potentially positive elements from the failure, for instance, 'Failure is the mother of success', or 'Turn indignation into power', both are the motives and oppotunities to get the strength and win the success.
 
6、Compensation--One losing here, gain another there.  The ideal goal may be frustrated because of some interior or exterior obstacles or other influential elements, and people are likely to try every means to make it up to relieve or elimate the psychological worry, which is called compensation effect.  Compensation is a method of mental adjustment, which is applied while the expected aim fail, through changing the former one for the realization of a long-term goal.
 
7、Being Realistic--Adjust the aim consistent with the reality.  People will feel nervous or painful while facing the obstacles in the process of gaining the goals.  An efficient way to avoid or relieve this situation is to adjust self consistent with the reality, and change the ways and methods of gaining the goals.
 
Change ourselves if the situation cannot be changed, in our life, only through which, can we fianlly change our own world.